Robin Burk over at Winds of Change has pointed to a fascinating web site: The Edge. The site is devoted to the answers of 120 leading scientists and science writers to this question: what do you believe is true even if you cannot prove it? It makes for fascinating reading and I strongly recommend it to your attention.
Some of their answers are trivial, some are highly technical, and some conflict with one another. They’re all interesting.
For example, I found this answer from Howard Gardner, Harvard University psychologist, particularly interesting:
The Brain Basis of Talent
I believe that human talents are based on distinct patterns of brain connectivity. These patterns can be observed as the individual encounters and ultimately masters an organized activity or domain in his/her culture.
Consider three competing accounts:
#1 Talent is a question of practice. We could all become Mozarts or Einsteins if we persevered.
#2 Talents are fungible. A person who is good in one thing could be good in everything.
#3 The basis of talents is genetic. While true, this account misleadingly implies that a person with a “musical gene” will necessarily evince her musicianship, just as she evinces her eye color or, less happily, Huntington’s disease.
My Account: The most apt analogy is language learning. Nearly all of us can easily master natural languages in the first years of life. We might say that nearly all of us are talented speakers. An analogous process occurs with respect to various talents, with two differences:
- There is greater genetic variance in the potential to evince talent in areas like music, chess, golf, mathematics, leadership, written (as opposed to oral) language, etc.
- Compared to language, the set of relevant activities is more variable within and across cultures. Consider the set of games. A person who masters chess easily in culture l, would not necessarily master poker or ‘go’ in culture 2.
As we attempt to master an activity, neural connections of varying degrees of utility or disutility form. Certain of us have nervous systems that are predisposed to develop quickly along the lines needed to master specific activities (chess) or classes of activities (mathematics) that happen to be available in one or more cultures. Accordingly, assuming such exposure, we will appear talented and become experts quickly. The rest of us can still achieve some expertise, but it will take longer, require more effective teaching, and draw on intellectual faculties and brain networks that the talented person does not have to use.
This hypothesis is currently being tested by Ellen Winner and Gottfried Schlaug. These investigators are imaging the brains of young students before they begin music lessons and for several years thereafter. They also are imaging control groups and administering control (non-music) tasks. After several years of music lessons, judges will determine which students have musical “talent.” The researchers will document the brains of musically talented children before training, and how these brains develop.
If Account #1 is true, hours of practice will explain all. If #2 is true, those best at music should excel at all activities. If #3 is true, individual brain differences should be observable from the start. If my account is true, the most talented students will be distinguished not by differences observable prior to training but rather by the ways in which their neural connections alter during the first years of training.
I suspect that a combination of #1 and #3 is true. I further suspect that the practice effect restructures the brain in such a way that no one person can, in fact, excel at everything. So although a person might have the potential for achieving excellence in anything the very process of achieving that excellence will foreclose other possibilities.
There are lots of things that I believe but can’t prove. Here are a few:
- I believe that all human languages derive from a single common source and are, therefore, related.
- I believe that our genus, genus Homo, doesn’t have as many species in it as paleontologists seem to believe (I also believe that most of these separate species are actually our own species, Homo sapiens).
What do you believe even though you can’t prove it?






